In the modern intensive pig farming industry, disease prevention and control have been significantly improved. Farmers now utilize pigs with superior genetics, advanced equipment, and efficient management systems. However, one critical factor that should not be overlooked is the importance of balanced and comprehensive nutrition. Without proper feed formulation, it becomes challenging to achieve healthy livestock production and realize the desired economic returns. Today, there are numerous feed ingredients available for pigs, each with varying nutritional values depending on their origin. The complexity and inconsistency of premixes further complicate the process. Any quality or safety issues in either raw materials or premixes can severely impact pig farm operations, affect pig health, and lead to negative consequences. Based on practical experience, this article outlines key factors influencing feed nutrients and strategies to optimize pig growth at different stages, offering valuable insights for farmers.
**First, Factors Affecting Raw Material Quality and Countermeasures**
It is essential to strengthen awareness of feed ingredient quality. The most basic requirement is that all feed ingredients must be fresh, free from adulteration, mold, and harmful chemicals. Below are some of the main raw materials:
**1. Corn**
Corn is the most widely used ingredient in pig feed, typically making up 60%-70% of the formula. It serves as the primary energy source. There are two types: early-maturing and late-maturing. Early-maturing corn is round, smooth, bright, and hard, rich in protein. Late-maturing corn is flatter, with a concave top, lower brightness, and less protein. Due to its high starch and fat content, corn is a vital energy source for pigs. Key points to consider:
- During harvesting, broken kernels can reduce nutrient levels and even produce toxins. To prevent contamination, avoid grinding and pest damage during storage.
- Un-dried corn is prone to mold, which can lead to mycotoxins like zearalenone, causing reproductive issues in sows and affecting growth in finishing pigs. Moisture should be kept below 14%, stored in dry, ventilated, and cool conditions.
- For pig feeding, it's advisable to use older corn instead of fresh corn, as it has lower moisture and higher nutritional value. Northeastern corn, especially from Jilin and Inner Mongolia, is highly recommended.
**2. Bran**
Bran consists of parts of the endosperm, seed coat, and embryo after processing. It has high crude fiber but low energy, along with high crude protein (13%-16%) and B-vitamin content. Bran helps regulate nutrient concentration in pig diets and improves the texture of concentrate feeds. It also has a mild laxative effect, beneficial for postpartum sows. When using bran:
- Deteriorated bran should not be fed, as it can cause digestive problems and diarrhea in pigs.
- Too much bran may cause constipation due to its high water absorption. Adjust the amount based on the pig’s size.
- Consider the crude fiber content and adjust accordingly for different pig groups.
**3. Soybean Meal**
Soybean meal is a byproduct of soybean oil extraction, containing 42%-48% crude protein. It is the primary protein source in pig feed. Important considerations:
- The amount of soybean meal should be adjusted according to the pig’s growth stage and nutritional needs.
- Test the protein content and potassium hydroxide solubility to ensure quality and effectiveness.
- Be cautious of anti-nutritional factors. Overcooked soybean meal reduces its utilization and affects pig growth.
**4. Fish Meal**
Fish meal is a high-quality animal protein source, rich in amino acids and minerals like calcium and phosphorus. It enhances feed efficiency and supports pig growth. Key points:
- Always test the purity of fish meal, as many products are adulterated with feather or leather powder.
- Use fish meal only when necessary to save costs and improve performance.
- Purchase fish meal from reliable sources, ensuring quality and consistency.
**5. Other Raw Materials**
Ingredients such as cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, sesame meal, peanut meal, alcohol distillers’ grains, and rice bran can be used selectively depending on cost and nutritional balance.
**Second, Additive Premix and Full-Feed Quality Factors**
Feed additives play a crucial role in balancing compound feed, improving performance, and preventing diseases. Common types include amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, and preservatives. Most farms use 2%-4% composite premix to create full-price feed. Key considerations include selecting high-quality additives and ensuring they meet the specific needs of the herd.
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