I. The Great Haiyuan Earthquake
Haiyuan earthquake on December 16, 1920 (98 years ago) night 8:06, Richter magnitude of 8.5. The intensity of the earthquake was rare in China's history and it is also one of the largest earthquakes in the world. The energy released by the earthquake is equivalent to 11.2 Tangshan earthquakes. The strong vibration lasted more than ten minutes. At that time, 96 earthquake stations in the world recorded the earthquake. It was called the "Global Earthquake."
According to local local records, when the Great Haiyuan Earthquake occurred, local landslides and landslides collapsed and everything collapsed. In the epicentral area, the shape of the epicenter was like a car slamming, a loud sound, a house collapsed, and a muddy fog. "If people throw things up." In the western part of Haiyuan County, there are 10,000 tombs of victims.
Dong Shanzheng, a survivor in Xi'an Township, Haiyuan County, said, “The mountains of Wanjiashui are united, and the two mountains come together. Sheep and people are not there.†said Guo Zengjian, former director of the Lanzhou Seismological Research Institute of China Earthquake Administration. The earthquake formed more than 200 kilometers of fault zones in the area, and one lake even migrated several kilometers due to the slope of the ground.
95 -year-old Ma Chenghu lives on the edge of Haiyuan County in Ningxia. He lived here for the rest of his life, but the house was changed from Tujiadong to a bungalow. More than a hundred meters away, it was the site of the 10,000 graveyards of the Haiyuan earthquake in 1920. After 90 years of wind and rain erosion, there is still a continuous grave pack. Ma Chenghu, who had not moved to his place, seemed to be the last keeper of the 20th century earthquake in the world.
“Grandpa was killed and his uncle was killed.†In the face of Southern Metropolis Daily’s interview, Ma Chenghu’s memory of the catastrophic death at the age of five was limited to this, and his family of five died because of the earthquake. This earthquake, centered on the sea, devastated more than half of Hai Plain's population. The scope of the earthquake is very wide, including Haiyuan and Guyuan in the southern part of Ningxia, Jingning, Huining, Jingyuan, Tongyu, and Wuyuan in the north-central part of Gansu, and the worst in the west of Shaanxi.
According to information provided by the Seismological Bureau of Ningxia Haiyuan Earthquake (then part of Gansu Province, it is also known Gansu earthquake) occurred on December 16, 1920 (98 years ago) night 8:06, Richter magnitude of 8.5 . The intensity of the earthquake was rare in China's history and it is also one of the largest earthquakes in the world. The energy released by the earthquake is equivalent to 11.2 Tangshan earthquakes. The strong vibration lasted more than ten minutes. At that time, 96 earthquake stations in the world recorded the earthquake. It was called the "Global Earthquake."
“How big this earthquake is, I know you will know a few things.†Guo Zengjian, former director of the Lanzhou Institute of Earthquake Research at the China Earthquake Administration, told reporters in Southern China that the impact of the Great Haiyuan Earthquake has caused waves in the Baltic Sea to float up to tens of centimeters. The transverse waves and longitudinal waves of the seismic waves all passed through the center of the earth. In Tokyo, Japan, when it was a less fashionable instrument, it also detected that the surface waves of the earthquake swung around the earth and turned back again. “ Over 230,000 people died originally. , there are said to have died more than 20 million, but now the latest findings is that 27 million people died. "
The relief after the earthquake also has a sharp era marking. “Because China was in a war between the warlords, there was no effective disaster relief. Many people in Haiyuan were buried in tens of thousands of people. Several people were buried in a grave.†Liu Gang, director of the Earthquake Administration of Haiyuan County, told reporters in Southern China that the descendants of Haiyuan were now also migrate to neighboring provinces, the annual December 16, people will continue coming here grave thousands of those who worship from other parts of Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Ningxia.
But outside Haiyuan, the death toll exceeded the 1923 Great East Japan Earthquake and the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake, but it is not known to many people. In the immediate aftermath of the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes, the long-awaited earthquake in Haiyuan was once again excavated and became a specimen for the Chinese to show off.
Under the leadership of the government of Ningxia Autonomous Region, the Haiyuan Earthquake Museum under construction will be held at the opening ceremony of the 90th anniversary of the Great Haiyuan Earthquake tomorrow . On the 8th of this month , Southern reporters saw on the spot that the interior decoration of the museum is still under intense tension and has not yet been exhibited. Liu Gang said that there will be an academic seminar on the Great Haiyuan Earthquake and aunt will be invited to hold a prayer ceremony on the grave of thousands of people.
"The two mountains come together and there are no sheep or people."
"December 16, 1920 (98 years ago), which is about 8 o'clock in the evening, as well as in some Chinese cities and its neighboring countries, observed some anomalies. Can not say Chengdu, name, Shanghai and Haiphong widely separated Nearly 1,200 kilometers from Chengdu to Daming and about 1,900 kilometers from Shanghai to Haikou, but at the above moments, the Consulate of Consulate in Chengdu, the Christian Missionary Mission in Daming, the British Consulate in Shanghai, and the Observatory in Haiphong. Inside, all the clocks stopped immediately.In these cities and all the other many settlements, people sitting at the table suddenly saw the chandeliers start swinging, and later they knew of other things.In the north of the name of Banxia, ​​three chattering The missionaries suddenly felt nauseous. They felt that the floor began to sway like a deck on a ship. In a place 1,250 kilometers from the China Sea , housewives who came to the market suddenly felt seasick, and the residents of Beijing and Tianjin also had the same Feeling..." This was the "China of 1920" written by an unknown Soviet writer after the Haiyuan earthquake. West ignoring the disaster, "the beginning.
As researcher Guo Zengjian said, the entire world has almost felt the impact of the earthquake. More relevant to Southern readers, the earthquake is also very strong in the offshore of Shantou. A British P and O company’s “ Devanha †who sailed from Shanghai to Hong Kong , felt as if it were an earthquake. “The captain thought it might be a ship hitting a submerged drift, but after waiting for the boat to dock in Hong Kong, he checked the shell of the ship. He was surprised to find that the entire hull was intact and it was thought that this might be an earthquake. vibration caused. "(According to Xujiahui Observatory seismic records," December 16, 1920 (98 years ago) earthquake overview and commentary ") and thousands of miles away false alarm of a different episode, in the epicenter of this people At that time, we were experiencing the cruel test of life and death. Feng Zhilu, survivor of Gongbei, Haiyuan County, wrote a few years ago to the film crew of Ningxia's “A Place to Walk in the Mountain†documentary. “Old people said that when the time was shaking... Our place shook it down. In the foothills of the mountains, the mountains are all collapsed.†said Dong Shanzheng, another survivor in Xi'an Township, Haiyuan County. “The mountains of ten thousand waters are together, When the two mountains come together, there are no sheep or people."
In the 5th issue of National Geographic magazine in 1922 , there was a report by Klaus and McCormell, “A Place to Walk in the Mountains,†which described several phenomena that occurred during the Great Haiyuan Earthquake: at night. The moving mountains, the waterfall-like landslides, the large cracks in houses and camels, and everything that swept the village into the rising soft soil...
“The Haiyuan Earthquake is now rated at 8.5 , and it was once designated as 8.6 in the past .†Guo Zengjian, former director of the Lanzhou Institute of Earthquake Research at the China Earthquake Administration, said that the earthquake formed more than 200 kilometers of fault zones in the area, and one lake was even grounded. Tilted and moved a few kilometers. The slopes of the loess soil have been shaken into powder to form a loess flow. Because local residents often live in clay caves, the casualties are even more serious.
In 1958 , the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences had sent six comrades including Guo Zengjian and other comrades to form an earthquake inspection team to conduct field visits to the Great Haiyuan Earthquake. Guo Zengjian recalled to the Southern Reporter that he had a deeper memory of the story: When the earthquake struck, the sky was darkened because there were no electric lights and even fewer oil lamps. Many people stayed at home. Most of the cave entrances were blocked by earthquakes, and one of the caves was later dug by the villagers. It was found that it was not completely destroyed. One fell on the table and died of no air. Before death, it seemed to be drinking water. A bowl of oily stuff is like a vomit in the stomach.
The death and injury are huge. April 3, 1921, "Business News" reported that "half collapse County, Haiyuan County, Gansu (Haiyuan that time owned under the Gansu) trip to Beijing students Fengjun Han Ying letter to the family said:" earthquake early dusk seven days, I Township victims In particular, the houses in the entire city have been undone and the people have been killed and wounded. In my home, Huaya Bay Villa, the entire bank was overthrown, the landslides shattered, and mountains and rivers changed.... My family has more than 40 houses, except the father and grandmother. , all owned by Havoc. Houses are emptied and nothing is left. The total number of dead and wounded people in the county totals more than 60,000 people...'"
"The death of livestock was lost and the dogs were also allowed to eat."
According to "Chinese people" in March 1921 earthquake disaster survey, Haiyuan County deaths of about 4.5 million people were crushed to death there are more than 70,000 head of livestock, the houses collapsed 8/10. Six months later, WH Wong With Xie Jiarong’s official official document “Consulting with the State Department’s Internal Affairs Departmentâ€, the number of deaths in Haiyuan County was set at 73,000 , accounting for 59% of the total population of Haiyuan County .
Haiyuan County is the region with the highest death toll and proportion in all affected areas. The overall description of the Haiyuan earthquake by Xie Jiarong in the December 9 Report of the Gansu Earthquake in the Republic of China is: “At 7 pm on the same day , a large earthquake struck suddenly with strong winds and dark fog, and met with red light. When the great earthquake struck , it was about six minutes. In the ship's bow, people cannot stand, and the direction of vibration seems to come from the northwest, and go southeast to sound like thunder. The earth and rocky mountains are collapsing and moving, especially the collapse of Tushan. There are cracks on the slopes, and the lengths are uneven. Cracks in the ground are often flooded, and their color is either green or black, and there are many places where the landslides congested the river, especially Nanxiang. After Yang Minghou, on the Cliff Cliff Kiln, there were two rivers in the Donghe Wuchabao River, and the landslides blocked the river. , The water depth is several hundred feet deep, the length is fifty-six miles, the width is ten plus feet, and the water flows backwards. After the Nanxiang Shuijing earthquake, the children of the county governor Zhong Wenhai and the police officer Luo Mou were both affected by the earthquake and dumped them. Most of the houses in the city were flattened, and the original building of the city walls was also largely destroyed."
The second critical area is affected Guyuan County, 1921 reported the official death toll to more than 40,000 people. In 1958 , when Guo Zengjian and others went to Guyuan to conduct an earthquake inspection, they could still see a lot of earthquake relics: thick brick walls still exist, and the Nancheng gate is engraved with several characters of “town Qinmen†( now the city wall has been In the dismantlement ) , the county’s Dong Fuxiang Shinto Monument and Beiting Pavilion are two in cross-section. The upper and lower sections are cracked and do not collapse, and the lower one reverses the direction.
In Haiyuan and Guyuan, other counties such as Huining, Longde, Tongyu, Jingyuan, and Jingning counted more than 10,000 people.
After the December 16 earthquake, the aftershocks and the weather suddenly turns cold. "On the 17th ( aftershocks ), the night continued, and when it fell to 8 o'clock, a strong wind blew up and it was only seen in the ancient times. There were countless people's livestock and frozen people. The land was full of thunder and it was extremely dangerous. The wind on the 18th was dead and the world was dark. the roar after the first five actors are light. 19 big move eight times, day and night to micro body shake endless twenty days old move eleven, twelve small move ...... "in April 1922 On the 24th issue of "New Dragonfly" Volume 1 , detailed records of aftershocks and weather conditions after the earthquake. Among them, a heavy snowfall in the counties of Haiyuan and Guyuan killed many people who were left homeless.
Xie Jiarong, who visited the disaster area in 1921 , once mentioned in the article that the earthquake that occurred in the winter caused the victims to be displaced and had no food or clothing, so they did not die from the earthquake and also died of frostbite. There are hurries, and the traffic is very difficult. It usually takes a few days to start. It really is not enough."
At that time, the Journal of Geology reported in the “Shaanxi Gansu Earthquake Plan†that after the disaster, the people “had no clothing, no food, no shelter, and no trace of misfortune. Hungry, chilling, sleeping, squatting, cries, hunger, and fearlessness. Death of livestock is lost, and wolf dogs also eat out."
Under the shadow of death, there is also a new life. Guo Zengjian said that when he went to the inspection in 1958 , he heard someone say that his mother gave birth to him in the straw.
When the tentacles of public power had not yet arrived in the earthquake zone, the victims relied on private relief to tide over the difficulties. When Guo Zengjian went to Haiyuan and other counties in 1958 , he also listened to fellow villagers. When the major earthquake struck, everyone regardless of whether you or I had a ready-made diet to share it out, and after a few days, the psychological changes. , each considering their own future, can no longer easily go to others to eat and drink. "In front of the catastrophe, there was a public heart in the beginning, and later it took center stage." Guo Zengjian said.
When the soon-to-be-latent government relief arrives, the victims suffering from hunger and cold will often resort to disregard for life. Shi Zuoliang, who was the head of the Guyuan County Public Security Bureau at the time, recalled that the two-vehicle pancakes brought by Pingliang had just arrived in the countryside of Guyuan County and were blocked by hungry people. The soldiers who escorted the pancakes were also disappointed. Retirement, these hungry people "will rather lead the neck and refuse to let the car go."
"At that time, Beijing newspapers did not even address the earthquake."
The Haiyuan earthquake struck suddenly and the local government office was severely traumatized. In addition, it was difficult to organize rescues temporarily because of the inconvenience of traffic and communication at the time. “Lanzhou will take a horse ride to Haiyuan for a few days, not to mention the roads are destroyed. The county government probably only has records of disaster relief in a few places such as Jingning. The other counties did not know clearly. Later, the government also adopted a 'Clearing access roads and distributing wages to the victims, but all are small,' said Guo Zengjian.
At that time, the county chief of Jingning was Zhou Tingyuan. After the liberation, he was the curator of the Gansu Provincial History and Research Institute. According to his own "The Jinging County Jingsu Earthquake," he stated that on the morning of the next day after the earthquake, he took food from the county warehouse, relief foodless victims, and purchased clothes from shops to help people who did not shelter themselves from the cold. In addition, they took tents from warehouses to build grass houses to serve as shelters for victims, and asked Lanzhou Hebei Hospital to treat the wounded people...
Zhou Tingyuan did not express himself. At that time, the British newspaper “Ye Linxiâ€, published in China, had published a report titled “A Gansu County Magistrate in the Earthquake, A True Storyâ€. After describing Zhou Tingyuan as a perceptual language: “The county governor there is an energetic and highly capable person who is
A real blessing... People are full of praise for this official residence. When the earthquake struck, he immediately ordered people to rush out. He told people to leave the house and then go back to the room to pray to God. If God would like to, he would exchange for the forgiveness of the people in exchange for death... After the earthquake, he came out and asked people to immediately rescue the lives buried in the rubble. People ... also ordered the burial of dead bodies and animals to prevent the occurrence of diseases. “
However, in front of the catastrophe, the rescue of the local government, which has also been hit hard, is ineffective. “At that time, the disaster relief was very slow. In the Beijing newspapers, even the address in the epicenter was unclear. Foreign countries only talked about that section. The communication conditions were poor and they were damaged. They delayed many days to know.†Guo Zengjian said that at the time, Gansu The businessmen, students and members of the National Assembly in Beijing called on the government for disaster relief and published notices in the newspaper. At that time, there were many people who donated money, and an emergency fundraising meeting was also established in Beijing.
China Second Historical Archives documents show, Gansu Province Governor Zhang Jian once said that "most urgent" letter to the President, request support, but has sent a letter of time is more than a month after the earthquake --- January 20, 1921. Prior to this, December 29, 1920, Zhang Jian and also the Speaker of Parliament, Gansu Province Wang person equal to the Interior Ministry to call for help.
“The Beiyang government may also have embezzlement. Before the earthquake, it was a drought in five provinces in North China. There are records that 500,000 people died . At that time, there was a claim that to save the drought in the five provinces in North China, the government’s relief money was given to an international organization. At the beginning of 1921 , Gansu's personnel in Laosing in Beijing revealed the matter in the “China National Paper†and wrote it well. They slammed the Beiyang government to the effect that Gansu was a province for the country’s food. Why did it not be saved? It was like on the map. There is no such place," said Guo Zengjian.
Until March 19, 1923, Gansu membership congressman weeks wheels, and people are still central to the letter at the Relief Work, described the horrors of more than two years after the earthquake: "spacious province since the earthquake, destitution, growing Britain Even the disasters caused droughts and dry harvests to fail, and at the beginning, the counties outside the province were affected by the disasters and the provinces. The members of these congressmen also mentioned that they repeatedly received letters from their fellow villagers and learned of the terrible situation of the Gansu disaster victims. "Lastly, Lanzhou has the task of selling meat buns." At present, prices in Lanzhou have skyrocketed, and there have been more than 10,000 people who have received porridge in the winter. Although donations from all walks of life are also used for clothes, “the hunger is still heard by the dead.â€
In this letter, members of the Gansu Congressional Congress emphasized that the Ministry of Reclamation Affairs should allocate Gansu's disaster relief money last year to "not yet half and half." It is hoped that the compassionate people in the disaster-stricken areas will be filled with painstakingly and quickly. and also". It can thus be seen that the Central Government has cut off the funds that should be disbursed on the issue of disaster relief. The problem is rather serious.
The governor of Gansu province also changed many people within two years after the Great Haiyuan Earthquake, from Zhang Guangjian and Pan Lingling to Lin Xiguang. “Gansu local governments also have disaster relief, but it is said that Zhang Guangjian’s governor is corrupt.†Guo Zengjian, who went to Haiyuan and other places in 1958 , also heard that later when the Red Army passed through the site, he had also criticized people suspected of corruption.
Investigation by Weng Wenxuan et al. is the beginning of Chinese seismology
Five months after the earthquake in Haiyuan , the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce coordinated the dispatch of six people including Xie Jiarong and Weng Wenyu, and conducted a four -month field trip in front of the disaster area . The report formed by this visit has a very important position in the history of China’s earthquake.
In addition to the detailed description of the earthquake, Xie Jiarong and Weng Wenjun also expressed their opinions on earthquake prevention and response. China’s first Ph.D. geologist and later Weng Wenjun, former president of the Chinese People’s Republic of China’s Executive Yuan, stated in the “Review of the Gansu Earthquake Opinion for the Chen Survey†that the quake is a constant in the world, but the Haiyuan earthquake was dead. However, as many countries have learned, foreign earthquakes cause people to suffer more injuries and fewer deaths. The Haiyuan earthquake has many deaths. The survivors are injured. Analysing the reasons, he believes that many people here and burrowing in the loess slope, even if there are houses are mostly related to mud.
Weng Wenxuan's proposed improvement measures include "when the people should be advised to use wood columns and columns to support the construction of the building and support them." It also includes the cultivation of forests and reclamation of water resources.
Regarding the earthquake study, Weng Wenjun also suggested that the Central Observatory and the Institute of Geological Survey of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce should work together to change the current situation that there is no specialized equipment and no specialized talents. He also mentioned in particular the setting of "Seismograph": "The time of Zhang Shi made a seismograph in the Han Dynasty, and the Changan Prophet in the Longxi Earthquake. It was the earliest country in China for the invention of a seismograph, and no one left no stone unturned until it was lost. Modern Europe, the United States, Japan The seismometers, depending on the progress of the ancient seismographs, can be extremely delicate in terms of the fluctuations....
More closely related to the earthquake precursors and their predictions were Xie Jiarong’s “Report on the Gansu Earthquake in December of the Republic of China†in the Geological Survey of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. It mentioned the strange meteorological, verbal, and well-spring phenomena before and after the earthquake. With their own opinions. According to reports from the Governors of Dingxi and Jingning County, there were more windy morning fogs in the earthquake, and Ganzhou, Yumen, and other counties reported that the strong winds were dark the next day and the yellow sand was flying. The Governor of Haiyuan County also stated that he “sees red light†at the time of the earthquake. According to Xie Jiarong, “Dust or haze occurred during the earthquake. It was caused by dust, dust, etc. It flew through vibrations, or the earth was broken down and the loess was scattered in the air. This phenomenon is not surprising.†As for the phenomenon of red light, Xie Jiarong Can not explain, think that "fear is not true."
The so-called buzzing sounds like the sound of thunderbolt before and after the earthquake, and in some places there is no sound during the earthquake. Xie Jiarong said that the level of the sound waves is directly related to the strength of the vibration. As for vocalization and vibration, it seems to be not certain. He did not associate the pre-quake sounds with earthquake precursors.
Changes in groundwater have also received attention. The counties of Longchuan, Dingxi and Huining reported that Jingquan tastes slightly saltier after the earthquake. Reports from Ningxia, Jingning, Huan County, etc., said that after the earthquake, springs increased their feet to more than ten feet. The springs in Ningxia County were slightly warm and smelly before the earthquake. The counties in Tongyu and Haiyuan had reports of dry springs, and the wells in Longde County had suddenly risen after the large earthquake and recovered after the earthquake. Xie Jiarong believes that the changes in Jingquan will vary depending on the topography and geology of each region. They cannot be generalized in the first place. As these counties' reports are indeed or simply farfetched, it is rather difficult to conclude that he just lists it for future research. .
Until more than 30 years later, the study of these anomalous phenomena suddenly became apparent in the land of China.
According to Guo Anning, a researcher at the Lanzhou Institute of Earthquake, China Earthquake Administration, the uniqueness of the Haiyuan earthquake is not only high in magnitude and death toll. “The investigation by Weng Wenxuan and others symbolized the beginning of China’s seismology and it is a landmark. At the same time, the first shot of China’s modern earthquake prediction also started from that time,†he told reporters from Nandu.
Guo Zengjian and other people’s visit started the “first shot of modern earthquake predictionâ€
The so-called "first shot of modern earthquake prediction" was started in 1958 after the founding of New China . Guo Zhengning’s father, Guo Zengjian, is one of the representative figures in the exploration of earthquake prediction.
“At that time, the first five-year plan of New China was just over. The Soviet Union helped China to do a lot of big projects. Their experts demanded that before the design drawings and construction, we must first know the earthquake conditions in these places. We will fully devote ourselves to this. Work went on.†Born in 1931 , Guo Zengjian , who entered the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1953 , said.
The Haiyuan earthquake that occurred more than 30 years ago has become a key project of the Institute of Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. An expedition of 6 people also started from Beijing and conducted visits to Haiyuan, Guyuan and Xiji for more than 20 days.
Guo Zengjian said that the focus of their visits was to conduct earthquake predictions. “Why we want to forecast ? It is related to the political situation at that time, because the Central Committee proposed 'walking on two legs' at the time of the Great Leap Forward, which means that both the soil and the ocean should be pursued. The scientific research units have all put forward magnificent goals. We have proposed earthquakes. Earthquake forecasting is also a two-legged walk, and some research instruments for observing earthquake precursors, this is regarded as foreign aspects; on the soil side, we went to Haiyuan to investigate. At that time, we called folks to learn the scriptures. Were there precursors before the earthquake ? What did the people observe ? We have six people to visit."
The problem of groundwater changes was brought up by the local people. "They said that before the earthquake, the springs were very large and they were gone. Let us help us. We couldn't find it because the ground has changed." Guo Zengjian recalled that local residents also mentioned that the temperature changes before and after the earthquake affected six people. At that time, discussions were also held for this purpose.
“This is the first time China has discussed the issue of earthquake prediction on a small scale.†Guo Zengjian said that it was only difficult to hear earthquake predictions at that time. He did not hear foreign opposition, and Japan and the Soviet Union all said at the time that earthquake prediction was necessary.
After more than 20