In China, farmers have a long-standing tradition of "observing the sky, the land, and the crops." To ensure successful spring crop fertilization, farmers and agricultural service workers across the country should carefully implement the following practices tailored to local conditions:
Spring fertilization primarily focuses on crops like spring corn, spring wheat, fruit tree seedlings, and vegetables. It is usually combined with the application of base or seed fertilizer. For winter crops such as winter wheat and winter rape, as well as spring crops like transplanted fruit trees and greenhouse vegetables, timely and appropriate topdressing is essential. Given that early spring often brings fluctuating temperatures and cold spells, it's crucial to apply fertilizers without delay. In colder regions of the northwest, where crops like spring wheat and potatoes are planted earlier, it's important to fully decompose organic fertilizer. Using land prepared after the previous autumn harvest is ideal. Ammonium and nitrate-based fertilizers are more efficient than urea and should be used for better results. High-quality, safe, and properly measured seed fertilizer must be applied in a way that avoids direct contact with seeds to prevent damage or reduced quality, especially for potato crops.
Adapting to local conditions is vital due to China’s vast territory and varying agricultural environments. In the northeast and northwest, measures such as frost protection and drought resistance should be considered during planting and fertilization. Fertilizer should be applied when temperature and soil moisture are suitable, and the soil should be covered promptly afterward. In the Jianghuai region, rice and rapeseed fertilization should be paired with proper drainage through the "three ditches" system to improve soil temperature and aeration. In the Huanghuaihai area, where last spring was affected by rain and snow, different approaches are needed. For general wheat fields, applying nitrogen fertilizer during the jointing stage along with irrigation is recommended—about 10–15 kg of urea per mu. For better wheat fields, applying nitrogen fertilizer during the green-up stage without irrigation can also be effective, followed by a second application after jointing. In fields with good soil moisture and fertility, the amount of fertilizer can be slightly reduced.
Appropriate fertilization involves using the right amount of nutrients, balanced ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and an optimal mix of base and top-dressing. For food crops, the total nitrogen applied per mu is typically between 8–15 kg, rarely exceeding 17 kg. Phosphorus application is generally about half or even less than that of winter crops, while potassium is usually around the level of nitrogen. Soil conditions determine the exact amounts. In northern calcareous soils, which tend to be low in nutrients, fertilization should be done gradually. Most organic fertilizer, a large portion of phosphate, some potash, and about half of the nitrogen are used as base fertilizer, with the rest applied as seed or top dressing. Topdressing should be done in one or multiple applications depending on crop needs.
Integrated management is key to successful spring fertilization. Base fertilizer application should be combined with improved soil preparation and high-quality sowing. Topdressing must be closely coordinated with proper irrigation, cultivation, and weeding. For greenhouse vegetables that are harvested multiple times, such as solanaceous crops and melons, water and fertilizer should be managed together in a systematic way.
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