In China, farmers have long maintained a strong tradition of "observing the sky, the land, and the crops." In the spring, when it comes to fertilization, farmers and agricultural service workers should carefully implement appropriate practices tailored to local conditions. This includes focusing on various spring-sown crops such as corn and wheat, as well as fruit trees, vegetables, and seedlings. Fertilization should be combined with the use of base or seed fertilizer. At the same time, for winter crops like winter wheat and rape, as well as transplanted fruit trees and greenhouse vegetables, timely and moderate top-dressing is essential.
Given that early spring is typically cold and temperatures gradually rise, it's important to avoid delays in fertilization. For crops like spring wheat and potatoes planted in colder northern regions, organic fertilizer must be fully decomposed before application. It is best to prepare the land after the previous autumn harvest, using ammonium or nitrate-based fertilizers, which are more efficient than urea. Seed fertilizer should be high quality, safe, and applied in the right amount, but not directly mixed with seeds to prevent burning or reduced crop quality, especially for potatoes.
Local conditions vary greatly across China due to its vast territory and different agricultural environments. In the northeast and northwest, measures like frost protection and drought resistance should be taken during planting and fertilizing. When temperature and soil moisture are suitable, fertilization should be done promptly, followed by timely soil coverage. In the Jianghuai region, rice and rapeseed fertilization should be combined with the "three ditches" system—draining excess water to raise soil temperature and improve aeration.
In the Huanghuaihai area, where last spring saw unusual snow and rain, fertilization strategies may differ. For general wheat fields, applying nitrogen fertilizer during the jointing stage along with irrigation is recommended. Typically, 10–15 kg of urea per mu is applied, and 3–5 kg can be used during ear formation, or foliar fertilizer can be sprayed. For better wheat fields, nitrogen can be applied during the green-up stage without irrigation, around 10–15 kg of ammonium sulfate or 5–10 kg of urea, followed by another round after jointing. In fields with good soil moisture and fertility, the amount of fertilizer can be slightly reduced after jointing.
Appropriate fertilization involves the right amount of nutrients, balanced ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and proper base fertilizer application. For food crops, the total nutrient application per mu usually ranges from 8–15 kg of nitrogen, rarely exceeding 17 kg. Phosphorus application is generally about half or even less than that of winter crops, while potassium is often between the levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, depending on soil conditions. In calcareous soils in the north, where nutrients are not easily absorbed, the proportion of top dressing is adjusted accordingly. Organic fertilizer, most of the phosphate fertilizer, part of the potash, and about half of the nitrogen are used as base fertilizer, with the rest applied as seed or top dressing, either in one or multiple applications.
Integrated management is essential for successful spring fertilization. It must be closely coordinated with other agricultural practices, such as improving soil preparation and sowing quality when applying base fertilizer. Topdressing should be combined with proper irrigation and cultivation, especially for greenhouse vegetables that are harvested multiple times, such as solanaceous crops and melons, where integrated water and fertilizer management is crucial.
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