China's large-scale energy storage application prospects

"The development and application of large-scale energy storage technology will have a revolutionary impact on new energy sources and even the entire power system." Zhang Yongwei, deputy secretary-general of the China Listed Companies Association, stressed to reporters.

At present, the United States, Japan, and Europe have all attached great importance to the development of the energy storage industry and have begun to compete globally in this field. For example, in the “strategic plan” issued by the US Department of Energy in 2011, energy storage has been clearly raised to the strategic level, and energy storage R&D and application have been promoted through direct government investment, tax adjustment, and support for technological innovation.

"Overall, China's energy storage industry has just started, and the technology is still relatively lacking. On the one hand, it focuses on the research of energy storage batteries, and on other carriers, it does not have enough research. On the other hand, it only studies materials and single devices, and lacks systems. There is no or even a complete solution package for the entire industry. The technical route is not yet clear.” Zhang Yongwei analyzed.

Zhang Yongwei further pointed out that China must create a business model that is conducive to the realization of energy storage applications. This requires the continuation of the reform of the power system and the improvement of the electricity price formation mechanism in China, especially the implementation and implementation of peak and valley electricity prices. And develop a special energy storage price.

Energy storage technology route is not yet clear

The key factor is the economical nature of energy storage technology.

Reporter: How do you think about the status quo of China's energy storage industry?

Zhang Yongwei: Energy storage technologies for electricity are mainly divided into three types: physical energy storage (pumped energy storage, compressed air energy storage, and flywheel energy storage), electrochemical energy storage (flow batteries, lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium Sulfur batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, super capacitors, etc.) and electromagnetic energy storage (such as superconductive magnetic energy storage, etc.).

At present, China's energy storage industry has just started. The more mature energy storage technologies are pumped storage and lead-acid batteries, and the most technologically advanced is electrochemical energy storage. Among them, flow batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and sodium-sulfur batteries are the most prominent. In terms of actual production and application, China has already experimented with and tried a number of electrochemical energy storage technologies. However, as a whole, in actual production, mainly in the low-end nickel-hydrogen battery and lead-acid batteries, the greater Although breakthroughs have been made in key technologies such as flow batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and ultracapacitors, but due to a lack of policy support, they have not yet reached the stage of commercial operation and large-scale application. Some energy storage technologies such as ferric phosphate and liquid The actual large-scale industrialization of flow batteries has just begun, and the level of industrialization is very low.

According to statistics from the National Association of Industry and Commerce Energy Association Professional Committee on Energy Storage, by the end of 2010, the total installed capacity of China's power storage (more than 90% of which was pumped storage) was about 16345MW, accounting for approximately 1.7% of China’s total installed power, accounting for approximately 13% of the total energy storage capacity. According to the national grid plan, by 2020 China's power storage capacity needs to reach more than 60GW, accounting for 4%-5% of the country's total installed power capacity.

Reporter: What are the key factors that restrict China's energy storage industry?

Zhang Yongwei: The most critical factor is the technical and economical nature of energy storage. According to the estimation of the Zhangbei Scenery Storage and Transportation Demonstration Project by the Chinese Academy of Electric Power, the design input for the 20MW energy storage battery will reach 400 million yuan. If China's existing wind power installations are all equipped with energy storage equipment, they will need to invest 200 billion yuan in one shot. This far exceeds the economic loss of nearly 10 billion yuan each year caused by China’s abandoned wind.

With the development of energy storage technology, once electricity can be stored on a large scale like ordinary commodities, there may be various business models for energy storage technologies such as the power supply side, grid side, user side, and third-party operators. However, apart from the high R&D costs and large investment in technology, the key to the development of various models is whether or not there is an electricity market environment conducive to realizing the value of energy storage.

It is recommended to formulate energy storage price

Energy storage construction and operating costs do not have channels.

Reporter: Why is the electricity market environment crucial to the development of the energy storage industry?

Zhang Yongwei: One of the main reasons for the realization of energy storage technology in the United States from the perspective of power systems is that since the late 1970s, the United States has passed legislation to break the monopoly of the electricity market and gradually formed or is developing into an organized one. Regional electricity market, and formed a basic structure similar to the energy market (previous and real-time spot market), ancillary services market, capacity market and financial arbitrage market, composed of electricity wholesale market. China's electricity system reform has not yet been completed, and the market-based electricity market environment has not yet been established.

Reporter: How should we improve the electricity market mechanism to promote the development of the energy storage industry?

Zhang Yongwei: Does the company use energy storage in all aspects of power generation, transmission, distribution, and electricity use, and in addition to considering whether the technology is mature and its own cost, the most important considerations are the price mechanism in our country and the electricity price policy, because this will directly Decide whether the application of energy storage is economical. Therefore, I propose three reform proposals.

First, establish a tariff approval mechanism that reflects the costs of resources and the environment. At present, China's current renewable energy compensation mechanism and regional wind power benchmarking price policy is only an expedient measure. China needs to establish a set of scientific electricity pricing mechanisms including resource costs, environmental costs, land costs, environmental governance, and recovery costs, and guide the development of the electric power industry through electricity price mechanisms to build a market environment for energy storage applications.

In addition, we will improve and implement the peak-valley electricity price system. Except for sporadic time-of-day electricity prices in a few areas in China, there is basically no peak-to-valley electricity price. So far, only 10 provinces in China have implemented peak and valley time-of-use tariffs for electricity sold by grid-selling users, large-scale industrial power users, and non-universal industrial users, and only four provinces and cities in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Gansu have lived their lives. Electricity was used to implement the peak-to-hour electricity price. Without the peak-to-peak price spread, no investor is willing to invest in energy storage technologies and products, and it will also inhibit the development of the energy storage industry.

Third, we must recognize the value of energy storage and formulate the energy storage price. China has no special energy storage electricity price. In the existing electricity price system, there is no corresponding channel for the construction and operation of energy storage, which also restricts China's investment in the application of energy storage technology. Therefore, when the price of electricity is reformed, it is necessary to establish a separate sales price for the energy storage capacity.

Large-scale application of energy storage is promising

Applications in the three major areas will reach 1.235 billion kilowatts.

Reporter: What are your expectations for the prospect of large-scale energy storage applications in China?

Zhang Yongwei: Energy storage technology has application prospects mainly in the areas of power system energy management and power quality improvement, as well as electric vehicles and backup power supplies.

The technologies that have promising application prospects in the field of new energy power generation are mainly lithium-based, liquid-flow, and sodium-sulfur batteries. The lead-acid batteries are the next, and once supercapacitors, flywheels, and superconductors have the technical and cost conditions, they also have a certain amount of space. . In the existing demonstration projects abroad, the supporting energy storage facilities are approximately 10%-30% of the installed capacity of new energy power generation. It is generally believed that the supporting 15% will basically meet the demand. It is estimated that by 2020, China's wind power capacity will reach 150 million kilowatts, and solar power generation will reach 20 million kilowatts, which means that 25.5 million kilowatts of energy storage equipment are needed.

In the field of power system energy management, the preferred technology for energy storage is pumped storage. The flow in chemical batteries may be the first to be commercialized, followed by lithium-ion batteries, and lead-acid batteries need to be further improved in performance, and sodium sulfur The battery has been monopolized by Japan for a long time, and there is a great uncertainty in the prospect of commercialization in China. From the perspective of foreign demonstration studies, to provide a uniform power output for stable power supply, it is necessary to support approximately 20% of the new energy generation capacity and a battery storage system with 6-8 hours of storage time. It is estimated that by 2020, a total of 758 million kilowatts of energy storage equipment will be required for the generation side and the electricity side.

In the field of electric vehicles, energy storage technologies with promising applications are mainly lithium-ion batteries, and lead-acid batteries also have a certain market. The electric vehicle industry needs 453 million kilowatts of energy storage equipment.

Therefore, the overall estimation of the prospect of large-scale energy storage applications in China by 2020 is approximately 1.235 billion kilowatts.

Reporter: You mentioned that energy storage has a broad application prospect in the field of new energy power generation. However, at present, China has severely lost its wind. According to the statistics of the National Energy Administration, the total amount of wind curtailment in China in 2012 exceeded 20 billion kilowatt-hours. What other basic conditions are needed to apply energy storage technology to wind farms?

Zhang Yongwei: First, we must improve China's wind power network access standards and management supervision mechanisms, and wind power enterprises that do not meet the national wind power access grid standards may not be connected to the power grid. At present, the State Grid Corporation of China already has the "Technical Regulations for the Integration of Wind Farms into Power Grids," but this standard is too high for power grid companies. The government departments in China urgently need to adjust and improve relevant standards and form national standards as soon as possible so as to institutionally constrain power plants, improve power quality, and create a market environment for energy storage applications.

In addition, wind power forecasting and forecasting systems and scientific wind power operation dispatching management systems should be established. Wind power should be strictly in accordance with plans and schedules as thermal power, and violations of regulations should be punished. Special dispatches are rewarded.

Third, universally implemented peak-to-valley tariff rates or the establishment of a comprehensive and comprehensive electricity auction market. Europe and the United States began to implement peak-to-valley electricity prices in the 1980s. By the late 1990s, the price difference between peaks and valleys in many developed countries was more than 4 times. The effect of shifting peaks and valleys was significant. China should also learn from this experience, create commercial profit margins for power generation companies, and promote the active demand of power generation companies for energy storage use.

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