Check the angular contact ball bearing

The shaft components of machine tools, especially the main spindle, are typically equipped with thrust ball bearings and operate at high speeds, often generating significant heat. If this heat is not managed effectively, it can lead to overheating of the angular contact ball bearings, which in turn raises the temperature of the surrounding machine parts, causing thermal deformation. In severe cases, this may result in misalignment between the spindle and tailstock, negatively impacting the machine tool's accuracy and machining quality. Moreover, excessive heat can cause bearing failure and even complete burnout. The rated fatigue life of a bearing refers to the number of revolutions that 90% of a group of identical bearings can endure under uniform operating conditions before experiencing rolling fatigue. When speed is constant, this life is often expressed in terms of total operating time. When analyzing the life of a thrust ball bearing, it's essential to consider more than just fatigue life. Factors such as bearing performance, grease life, noise life, and wear life should also be taken into account. These factors vary depending on the application, so it's common to establish an experience-based limit beforehand to ensure safe operation. Therefore, simply examining the damage to an angular contact ball bearing is not enough to determine the true cause of failure. A comprehensive understanding of the machinery’s use, operating conditions, surrounding structure, and the events leading up to the incident is crucial. By combining this information with the observed damage, potential causes can be identified, and future failures can be prevented. The decision to replace a bearing depends on several factors, including the extent of damage, mechanical properties, operational conditions, and the next scheduled maintenance. Bearings with cracks, gaps, or other structural defects in the inner ring, outer ring, rolling elements, or cage should be replaced immediately. Wear failure is one of the most common types of bearing failure, typically categorized into abrasive wear and adhesive wear based on the form of damage. 1. **Oil Film Resistance Diagnosis Technology**: This method uses consistent evaluation criteria across different working conditions but is less effective for detecting surface peeling, indentation, or cracks. It is best suited for applications where the rotating shaft is exposed. 2. **Vibration Diagnosis Technology**: Widely used and capable of online monitoring, this technique offers fast diagnosis and has well-established theoretical support. It is particularly suitable for monitoring angular contact ball bearings in rotating machinery. 3. **Iron Spectrum Diagnosis Technology**: This method allows for non-invasive analysis, requires low investment, and provides good results. It is useful for identifying early fatigue in oil-free bearings and studying wear mechanisms. However, it is less effective for grease-lubricated bearings. 4. **Temperature Diagnosis Technology**: Simple and effective for identifying bearing burns, it is ideal for routine diagnostics in machine bearings. 5. **Optical Fiber Monitoring and Diagnosis Technology**: Offers high sensitivity and direct signal extraction from the bearing surface, improving the signal-to-noise ratio. It reflects key parameters like manufacturing quality, surface wear, load, lubrication, and clearance. 6. **Acoustic Emission Diagnostic Technology**: Provides quick and easy diagnosis, supporting online monitoring. Though a newer technology, it is still being widely adopted in the industry. When handling oil-free bearings by hand, it's important to clean your hands thoroughly and apply high-quality mineral oil before touching them. Special attention must be given to rust prevention during rainy seasons and summer months. Under certain optimal conditions—such as when the rolling surfaces are properly separated by a lubricating film and contamination is minimized—angular contact ball bearings can exceed conventional life estimates, especially under light loads. However, under ideal conditions, it is important to avoid strong impacts, direct hammering, or applying pressure through the rolling elements. As the angular contact ball bearing rotates, the raceway surfaces of the inner and outer rings come into rolling contact with the rolling elements. The running track appears as a dark surface, and any abnormality on it can indicate load conditions. Therefore, when removing oil-free bearings, it is crucial to closely inspect the raceway surface for signs of wear or damage. In the metallurgical process, aluminum-manganese titanium warming agents are added to scrap steel, and the endpoint carbon content is controlled at ≤0.40%, while phosphorus content is kept below 0.010%. During tapping, the temperature is maintained at 1700°C with a carbon content of 0.34% and phosphorus content of 0.007%. High-chromium alloy, Si-Mn alloy, and carbon powder are used for alloying and carbonization. Slag blocking is performed, and bottom argon stirring is used to remove oxygen from the molten steel. LF refining employs a low-alkalinity CaO-Al₂O₃ slag system, achieving a desulfurization rate of 50–70% and reducing Al-type inclusions. The interface tension between deoxidation products is low, allowing them to combine into low-melting compounds that absorb Al₂O₃ inclusions and eliminate D-type inclusions containing CaO. Argon blowing is used to homogenize composition and temperature, with weak agitation applied after analysis to further float inclusions. Continuous casting follows.

Position measurement

Position sensors are used in a wide range of automation and measurement applications. A key step in selecting a suitable position sensor is understanding the requirements of sensor size, resolution, repeatability, accuracy, mounting constraints and environmental ruggedness. This paper discusses the available position sensing technologies and concludes with a key feature comparison.

Linear position sensors measure the distance between an object and a point of reference, as well as changes in position. They do this by converting displacement into an electrical output. A wide variety of measurement principles can be used to let you make precise and reliable measurements for a broad range of applications. Linear position sensors and measurement systems are used in industrial applications as well as in scientific laboratories.

Within their specified measurement range, LVDT sensors provide excellent linearity. They are capable of detecting very small changes in position and have virtually unlimited resolution. As a result, LVDT sensors are also suitable for measuring high accelerations and high measurement cycles.

Linear inductive position sensors are durable, long-lived, and especially stable under temperature fluctuations. That means they are ideal for measuring linear travel in almost any industrial setting – especially with hydraulic or pneumatic applications.

Position Measurement,Ut-81 Level Indicator,Td-1 Displacement Sensor,4000Td Position Sensor

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