Distributed optical fiber temperature measurement systems are categorized into three types based on the backscattering principle: Rayleigh, Raman, and Brillouin scattering. Among these, Raman-based systems have reached a relatively mature stage. These systems operate on the principles of Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) and the backward Raman scattering effect. The OTDR technique allows for distance measurement by analyzing the time it takes for light to scatter back from different points along the fiber. Meanwhile, Raman scattering provides temperature information through the intensity ratio of Stokes and anti-Stokes light, which is highly sensitive to temperature changes.
In modern power systems, where high-voltage transmission and large-scale infrastructure are becoming more common, real-time monitoring of equipment temperature is critical. Traditional methods such as infrared thermometers or thermal resistance systems can only measure localized temperatures, limiting their effectiveness in detecting potential failures. Distributed optical fiber temperature sensing offers a comprehensive solution, enabling continuous, multi-point monitoring across long distances. This technology is especially valuable for identifying overheating in high-voltage cables, electrical junctions, transformer windings, and other critical components, significantly improving safety and operational efficiency.
The basic working principle of Raman-based systems relies on the interaction between laser pulses and the molecular structure of the fiber. As the laser travels through the fiber, it undergoes both elastic and inelastic collisions with the molecules. These interactions result in scattered light, including Stokes and anti-Stokes components. The intensity of these scattered signals varies with temperature, allowing for precise temperature mapping along the entire length of the fiber.
During the sensing process, a computer controls a pulse generator that sends synchronized laser pulses into the fiber. The backscattered light is collected, filtered, and analyzed using photodetectors and data acquisition systems. By measuring the ratio of Stokes to anti-Stokes intensities, the system calculates the temperature at each point along the fiber in real time. This enables early detection of hotspots, preventing potential failures and reducing maintenance costs.
Overall, distributed optical fiber temperature sensing represents a significant advancement in condition monitoring for power systems, offering reliability, accuracy, and scalability in a wide range of industrial applications.
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