How to search for survivors after the earthquake

Search and Rescue Dog Operations

A typical search and rescue dog team consists of two trained dogs, their handlers, and a team captain. In the early stages of a disaster response, two such teams are usually deployed to cover different areas. The captain is responsible for analyzing the terrain and structural layout of the site, marking key points, and reporting back to the main command center.

When a team detects a potential survivor location, the captain removes them from the area. The exact position is noted by the handler, and a second team is sent to recheck the spot. If both teams confirm the presence of a survivor, the area is marked and reported immediately so that rescue crews can proceed quickly. The original team then continues searching other locations.

Instrument-Based Search

Technical search teams use sound/vibration detection equipment to scan affected areas. In some cases, fiber-optic cameras or infrared thermal imaging devices may also be used if available. These tools help locate survivors in hard-to-reach places.

The technical team documents findings, marks suspicious areas, and reports back to the command center. At least two detectors should be placed around the perimeter of buildings or cavities during sound/vibration searches.

Rescuers may use loudspeakers to communicate with survivors still conscious inside structures. They might ask survivors to signal repeatedly (e.g., tapping on walls five times) to confirm their presence. It's crucial to keep the area as quiet as possible to improve detection accuracy.

If an instrument team identifies a suspicious area, another team is sent to verify it. If confirmed, the site is marked and reported promptly. Light guide imaging devices are especially effective for locating people trapped in collapsed building voids, often eliminating the need for secondary checks.

Operators of these devices should assess the terrain and mark any relevant details to assist follow-up efforts. Once a survivor is identified, the area is cordoned off, and the command center is notified immediately to initiate rescue operations.

Manual Search Techniques

Human searchers enter the affected area directly, using visual inspection and listening for sounds to find survivors. They may use loudspeakers to call out to those trapped, then listen carefully for responses.

While manual search is highly accurate, it carries risks for the rescuers involved. Therefore, safety protocols must always be followed when conducting this type of operation.

Search Strategy and Resource Allocation

To manage large-scale search efforts efficiently, two main strategies are used. One involves dividing the search area into smaller zones based on size and available resources. This method works well for small areas but may not be practical for large cities due to resource limitations.

The second strategy prioritizes areas most likely to have survivors, such as schools, hospitals, and high-rise buildings. These locations are searched first, based on the likelihood of finding people in need of immediate assistance.

Team Composition and Roles

Each search team typically includes a captain, dog handlers, technical experts, medical personnel, structural engineers, and hazardous material specialists. The captain oversees the team, communicates with the command center, and makes strategic decisions.

Technical teams operate electronic monitoring equipment, while medical personnel provide first aid. Structural engineers assess building stability, and hazardous material experts monitor air quality and identify dangers.

The team must perform several tasks, including evaluating building conditions, confirming survivor locations, identifying hazards, and reporting findings to the command center. Essential equipment includes drills, cameras, listening devices, and safety gear.

Coordination and Management

Each rescue site needs a designated coordinator to manage and direct all activities. In multi-team operations, one team leader is appointed to oversee the site, ensuring clear communication among all participants.

External resources, such as military support or heavy machinery operators, must be coordinated effectively. Personnel from outside the team should wear visible identification and be equipped with basic safety gear to ensure their visibility and protection.

Untrained individuals must be closely supervised, and they should receive basic safety guidance before being assigned tasks. This helps minimize risks and ensures smoother operations.

Access Control and Safety Measures

Strict rules must be in place for entering and exiting the rescue site. All personnel must follow standardized procedures to maintain safety and efficiency. The entire area should be managed carefully, including risk assessments, shutting down utilities, and clearing non-essential people.

After assessing the site and planning the operation, a brief meeting is held to inform everyone of the situation and next steps.

Phases of Rescue Operations

Rescue operations at a collapsed site are divided into five phases: initial assessment, quick evacuation of surface survivors, searching for buried victims, removing debris safely, and final cleanup after all survivors are rescued.

When resources are limited, the team must prioritize based on survival chances, rescue difficulty, and the number of people who could be saved. The safety of the rescue personnel is also a top priority during decision-making.

Setting Up the Rescue Site

Before starting the rescue, the affected area must be declared a restricted zone. Only authorized personnel and equipment are allowed inside. A perimeter is set up to control access and ensure safety.

Key areas include emergency collection zones, medical assistance stations, rest and food areas, equipment storage, and material warehouses. Access roads must be planned in advance to allow smooth movement of people and supplies.

Cross-Team Collaboration

Effective collaboration between different teams is essential. Structural engineers, hazardous materials experts, and medical personnel must work together to ensure safe and efficient operations. Heavy equipment specialists act as liaisons between operators and rescuers.

Technical information experts document progress, and team leaders coordinate with external groups like law enforcement, military, and volunteers.

Safety Protocols

All rescuers must understand warning signals and evacuation procedures. For example:

- Pause/quiet: One short whistle (3 seconds)

- Evacuation: Three short rings (1 second each), repeated until all members leave

- Restart: One long and one short signal