How to search for survivors after the earthquake

Search and Rescue Dog Operations

A search and rescue dog team typically consists of two dogs, their handlers, and a team leader. In the early stages of a rescue mission, two such teams are often deployed to maximize coverage and efficiency. The team leader is responsible for analyzing the terrain and structural features of the area, marking key locations, and reporting findings to the central command.

When a suspicious location is identified by a search and rescue dog team, the team is removed from the area. The exact position should be remembered by the handler rather than immediately marked. A second team is then sent to recheck the area. If both teams confirm the suspicion, the site is marked and reported to the command center so that rescuers can follow up promptly. The original team continues searching other areas.

Instrumental Search Methods

Technical personnel use sound/vibration monitoring equipment to scan affected zones. In some cases, optical fiber or infrared thermal imaging devices may also be used. These tools help identify potential survivors. The data collected is documented and submitted to the operation headquarters for further action.

At least two detectors must be placed around buildings or cavities during sound/vibration searches. High-powered speakers or probing devices can be used to communicate with awake survivors. Survivors may be asked to send repeated signals, like knocking five times on walls. The search area should remain as quiet as possible to improve detection accuracy.

After an instrument searcher identifies a suspicious spot, another independent searcher is sent to verify it. If confirmed, the area is marked and reported immediately. Light guide imaging devices are highly effective in locating survivors in collapsed structures, especially when used with hammers or drills. Drilling observation holes allows quick detection using these tools.

If a photoconductive imaging device detects a survivor, the area is marked with a red cordon, and the information is relayed to the command center for immediate rescue efforts. The operator should also document the terrain and structure of the area to assist future operations.

Manual Search Techniques

Artificial searchers enter the affected area to visually inspect and listen for signs of survivors. They may shout instructions through loudspeakers and then maintain silence to detect sounds. While manual search is more accurate, it carries risks due to unstable environments.

Search Strategy: Prioritizing Large-Scale Efforts

Two strategies can guide resource allocation: dividing the search area into manageable sections based on size and available resources, or prioritizing areas most likely to contain survivors based on building type and occupancy. For example, schools, hospitals, and high-rise buildings should be searched first.

Team Structure and Roles

A typical search team includes a captain, dog experts, technical searchers, medical personnel, structural engineers, toxic substance specialists, and rescue experts. Each plays a crucial role in evaluating buildings, confirming survivor locations, identifying hazards, and ensuring safe air conditions.

Required Equipment

Tools such as electric hammers, rock drills, cameras, listening devices, air monitors, and first-aid kits are essential. All personnel should carry personal safety gear.

Rescue Coordination and Management

Each site needs a designated coordinator who can mobilize all available personnel. When multiple teams are involved, one team leader is assigned to oversee the site, and a safety officer is required for large-scale operations.

External Resource Coordination

Coordination with external groups such as military or utility workers is vital. These individuals should wear visible identification and have basic safety equipment like helmets and glasses.

Access Control and Site Management

Rules for entering and leaving the site must be strictly followed. Safety measures include risk assessments, shutting off utilities, identifying hazardous zones, and managing equipment storage. A pre-operation meeting ensures everyone is informed of the plan.

Assessing Rescue Opportunities

Rescue operations are divided into five phases: assessing the collapse area, transferring survivors, searching voids, removing debris, and conducting clean-up. When resources are limited, priorities are set based on survival chances, difficulty, and the number of potential survivors.

Setting Up Rescue Sites

The affected area must be restricted. A work zone is established for rescuers only, with barricades to prevent unauthorized access. Emergency zones, medical stations, rest areas, and equipment storage are also set up to ensure smooth operations.

Cross-Team Collaboration

Structural experts, hazardous material specialists, medical staff, and heavy equipment operators must work together. Technical experts track progress, while team leaders coordinate with volunteers, law enforcement, and military units.

Safety Procedures

All personnel must understand warning signals and evacuation procedures. For example, a single whistle indicates silence, three short rings signal evacuation, and a long-short pattern means resuming operations.