Sources and Classification of Occupational Hazard Factors

First, the Source of Occupational Hazards

Occupational hazards refer to factors that threaten the health of workers during the production process, work activities, and workplace environment. When these hazards lead to illness, they are classified as occupational diseases. These hazards can be categorized into three main sources:

1) Hazards in the Production Process

This includes various elements such as raw materials, industrial toxins, dust, noise, vibration, high temperatures, radiation, and infectious agents. These hazards fall into different categories, including chemical factors like dust and toxic substances, physical factors such as noise, temperature extremes, and radiation, and biological agents like pathogens. These elements are often present throughout the manufacturing or production stages.

2) Hazards During Labor Activities

These arise from improper organization of work, excessive workload, long working hours, and mental or visual strain. Prolonged stress on specific body parts—like eye strain or poor posture—can also contribute to health issues. Additionally, using inappropriate tools or maintaining awkward positions for extended periods may further increase the risk of injury or illness.

3) Hazards from the Work Environment

Environmental conditions such as poor lighting, inadequate ventilation, small or poorly designed workshops, and adverse weather can all pose risks. For example, a cramped workshop with poor lighting or an outdoor setting exposed to extreme heat can significantly affect worker well-being. Poorly planned layouts where toxic and non-toxic tasks are mixed also create unnecessary dangers.

Second, Classification of Occupational Hazards

Occupational hazards can be broadly divided into three categories based on their nature: chemical, physical, and biological factors.

(1) Chemical Factors

These include substances like raw materials, by-products, and waste generated during production. Common examples are gases, fumes, mists, and dust. Industrial toxins such as lead, benzene, carbon monoxide, and mercury are known to cause harm when inhaled or absorbed through the skin. In welding processes, harmful fumes like manganese dust and ozone can also be released.

(2) Physical Factors

These include environmental conditions like extreme temperatures, noise, vibration, pressure changes, and both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. High temperatures, loud noises, and exposure to ultraviolet light are common examples. These factors can cause long-term damage to the body if not properly managed.

(3) Biological Factors

Biological hazards come from microorganisms, fungi, viruses, and parasites found in the workplace. Examples include anthrax bacteria, mold, and brucella. These can lead to infections, especially in industries like agriculture, slaughterhouses, or tanneries where direct contact with animals is frequent.

In real-world scenarios, occupational hazards are often influenced by ergonomic design, psychological stress, and environmental conditions. Addressing these issues is essential for ensuring a safe and healthy workplace for all employees.

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